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учебное пособие 3 курс градо. Пояснительная записка 8 unit 1 land use planning lesson 1
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TEXT 1B  Main Directions in Land Use Planning The complex of land use planning work in modern conditions provides the actions connected with redistribution of land and formation of new land uses, fixing in nature the borders of the sites, with complex research and estimation of land, creation of land fund for compelled immigrants and granting the sites to them, etc. The main attention now is paid to performance of the following work: Preparation of materials for the official registration of papers, certifying the right on land (including the proprietors of land shares); Rendering assistance to the agricultural enterprises in their reorganization (reforming), including development of the land use planning projects providing economically and ecologically proved formation of new land uses; Maintenance of all agricultural enterprises with cadastral maps in which quantitative and qualitative indicators of each site of farmland are reflected; The analysis of land fund use with the purpose of opportunity definition of granting land sites to citizens for conducting personal part time farming, gardening, housing construction and other purposes; Preparation of the materials connected with an establishment of restrictions in using land and giving the rights for them to other persons. The main directions of land use planning activity are:
17. Прочитайте текст 1С и раскройте содержание рассматриваемых в нем проблем: TEXT 1C  Principles of Land Use Planning On the basis of long – term investigations some principles of land use planning are presented. Land use planning is a dialogue, creating the prerequisites for the successful negotiation and cooperation among stakeholders. The core task of land use planning consists of initiating a communication and cooperation process which "allows all participants to formulate their interests and objectives in the dialogue". On the basis of sound decisions a sustainable form of land use is proposed "whereby the aims and interests of other participating group are taken into account to the greatest possible extent". An important element of participation-oriented land use planning is the identification of the various groups of participants and differentiating them in terms of their use and access to land resources. In addition, their position on the social scale and their capacities, either as stakeholders or as members of authorities and other organizations have to be considered. Land use planning takes into account cultural viewpoints and builds up on local environmental knowledge. Rural societies or groups can often provide complex indigenous knowledge of the environment. If this is the case, such local knowledge should be a part of the basis for planning and implementing a sustainable land use. Land use planning takes also into consideration traditional strategies for solving problems and conflicts. Traditional rural societies have their own way of approaching problems and settling conflicts concerning land use. In the process of land use planning, such mechanisms have to be recognized, understood and taken into account. Land use planning requires transparency. Therefore, free access to information for all participants is a prerequisite. Transparency in planning and the extent, to which stakeholders are informed, strengthen both their willingness and capacity to participate in planning and decision – making. It increases the motivation of the people for creating sustainable results. An open exchange of information leads to discussions about objectives among the key figures and promotes the willingness to reach a consensus. The dissemination of information in the local language(s) contributes to an improved transparency. In addition, it strengthens the trust of the population in land use planning activities. The differentiation of stakeholders and the gender approach are core principles in land use planning. A prerequisite for realistic land use planning is the detailed analysis of the various interest groups. The aim is to find out the various interests of the participants in order to create a basis for the negotiation and decision-making process. Men and women often do not have the same access to land and have specific ways of articulating themselves. Different interests are arising from the economic and social character of their role and scope of duties. Therefore, the role of gender is an important criterion when differentiating stakeholders. Land use planning is implementation – oriented. Land use planning has to consider how the negotiated decisions are to be implemented. Land use planning does not end with the land use plan. The implementation of limited measures (e.g. the development of cultivation techniques which conserve land resources) plays an important role in increasing the trust of the people in the village as far as the planning process is concerned. Lesson 2  CONCEPTS AND THEORY OF LAND USE PLANNING 1. Прочитайте следующие слова: Adopt, option, top-down, encourage, rural, recreational, activities, between, wildlife, matching, framework, target, weighting, participation, impact, resolve, agricultural, overexploitation. 2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие группы слов: Systematic assessment, without degrading, social aspect, implementation and monitoring of plans, assistance to decision makers, most beneficial, the most satisfying results, the planning cycles, erosion hazard, local targets, popular awareness, existing planning, wider framework, own advantages, higher level support. 3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания: adopt (v.) – принимать already (adv.) – уже assess (v.) – оценивать assessment (n.) – оценка assistance (n.) – содействие, помощь awareness (n.) – осведомлённость, ознакомление bottom – up and top-down land use planning – "восходящее" и «нисходящее» землеустройство carry out (v.) – выполнять, осуществлять conservation (n.) – сохранность, консервация different disadvantages – различные недостатки exist (v.) – существовать existing (n.) – существование feasibility (n.) – возможность, осуществляемость higher level support – поддержка на высшем уровне impact (v.) – воздействовать, оказывать влияние improve (v.) – улучшать indicate (v.) – указывать invest (v.) – инвестировать, вкладывать investment (n.) – инвестиция, вклад involve (v.) – включать, вовлекать in widely scattered places – в широко распространенных местах lack (n.) – недостаток, нужда, отсутствие (чего-либо) legislation (n.) – законодательство mean (v.) – означать, значить; (adj.) – средний, посредственный, скаредный measure (n.) – мера, мероприятие; (v.) – измерять misuse (n.) – злоупотребление mix (n.) – смесь, путаница, беспорядок occur (v.) – случаться, встречаться, происходить option (n.) – вариант participation (n.) – участие physical (adj.) – физический planning strategy – стратегия планирования potential (adj.) – потенциальный recreational (adj.) – рекреационный resolve (v.) – разрешать, решать rural (adj.) – сельский sectoral (adj.) – ведомственный, отраслевой siting (n.) – размещение succeed (v.) – следовать, преуспевать suitability matching – соответствующий подбор technical agencies – технические структуры user (n.) – пользователь wildlife (n.) – дикая природа, заповедник 4. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст: Text 2 А  Rural and Agricultural Land Use Planning Land use planning can be defined as the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternative systems of land use and other physical, social and economic conditions. The purpose is to select and adopt land use options which are the most beneficial to land users without degrading the resources or the environment, together with the selection of measures most likely to encourage such land uses. In the broadest meaning of the term, land use planning deals with planning for all types of land use (rural, urban, industrial, recreational, etc.). Land use planning involves many aspects of planning such as designing planning options, evaluation of feasibility (economic, environmental, social impact assessment), and providing assistance to decision maker, implementation and monitoring of plans. Rural land use planning is concerned with all (economic) activities in rural areas, such as agriculture, pastoralism, forestry, wildlife conservation and tourism. Besides evaluation of the potential of different activities, rural land use planning assists in resolving conflicts of interests between groups of land users. Some of the key aspects of agricultural land use planning are physical and socio-economic ones. Physical aspects involve land evaluation (mapping, analysis, suitability matching), identification of opportunities for change (improve existing land use system, suggest new land use systems), natural resources management (sustainable land use systems). The objectives of socio – economic aspects include identification of target groups, weighting options and connection with other administration/planning. Such land legislation as access to land, ownership of resources, land reforms are also included in socio-economic aspects as well as training technical staff, farmers and financial framework like credit schemes and products marketing. Land is a limited resource and the misuse of land can lead to such problem as non – sustainable land use: processes of overexploitation (overgrazing, deforestation, erosion hazard). We need to conserve land resources for future use through sustainable land uses. For successful land use planning it is important to determine the best use of the land. It is necessary to take into consideration efficiency, equity, acceptability and sustainability of the land. 5. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов: Local, start, benefit, advantage, option, vantage, choice, begin, regional, income. 6. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов: Satisfied, find, high, popular, encourage, low, unpopular, lose, narrow, wide, discourage, unsatisfied. 7. Переведите следующие сочетания слов с русского на английский язык: Человек, принимающий решение; сельскохозяйственное землеустройство; оценка возможности; сохранять земельные ресурсы; опасность эрозии; ограниченный ресурс; "нисходящее" землеустройство (инициатива сверху); "восходящее" землеустройство (инициатива снизу); стратегия планирования; большие преимущества; региональный уровень; вариант землеустройства; большие площади; полагаться только на одну стратегию. 8. Переведите следующие предложения с русского на английский язык: 1. Землеустроители никогда не должны полагаться только на одну стратегию. 2. Мы нуждаемся в консервации земельных ресурсов. 3. Землеустройство осуществляется на государственном, региональном и местном уровнях. 4. Процесс планирования основан на кадастровой съёмке земельных ресурсов. 5. Водоснабжение является одной из основных проблем человека. 6. Существуют разные стратегии планирования. 9. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в Past Simple Tense: 1. Land is a limited resource. 2. There are different land use issues. 3. Misuse of land leads to several problems. 4. The advantage includes people's benefit. 5. Bottom – up planning means active participation of land users. 6. Land use policy depends upon the competing demands for land. 7. Physical aspects involve natural resource management. 10. Составьтепредложения, используяследующиеслова: 1. Option, best, which, the, is? 2. Are, legislations, many, there, land, for, planning, use. 3. Highest, there, year, crop, last, was, the. 4. Now, working, are, we. 5. Is, limited, land, resource, a. 6. Need, conserve, resources, we, to, land. 7. Are, strategies, there, different, two, planning. 11. Заполнитепропускипредлогами: 1. Different types ... land use planning are usually described. 2. … traditional society, people use up-to-date methods ... crop production. 3. The methods and types ... planting and harvesting are al-ways based ... traditions. 4. Year ... year, little is changed. 5. ... Britain equal pay ... women did not obtain legal sanctions … the 1970s. 12. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам: 1. I am a land use planning engineer. 2. Land is a limited resource. 3. The land legislation decided financial problems last month. 4. The land use planners will discuss the best options tomorrow. 5. Bottom – up land use planning includes both advantages and disadvantages. 13. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола tohave: 1. Each planning strategy ____ its own advantages. 2. We ____ many friends. 3. Bottom – up land use planning ____ some disadvantages. 4. Next year this student will ____ a diploma of a land use planner. 5. Last year students ____ many interesting subjects. 14. Ответьтенаследующиевопросы: 1. How can land use planning be defined? What is the purpose of land use planning? 3. What does land use planning deal with? 4. Does land use planning include many aspects? 5. What are the key aspects of agricultural land use planning? 6. Is land a limited resource? 7. Do we need to conserve land resources for future use? 8. What is important for successful land use planning? 15. Перескажитетекст 2А 16. Прочитайте, переведите текст 2В и сформулируйте основную мысль каждого абзаца: Text 2B  Methods of Land Use Planning The planning process should be based on the cadastral survey of land resources. The present situation must be taken into consideration. The land use planner is to decide what needs should be changed and how can the changes be made. He is also to find out which is the best option and how far is the plan succeeded. This progression of questions has led to the formulation of a guide to land use planning – the planning cycle. Land use planning is implemented at the national, regional or local level. At the national level land use policy is balanced upon the competing demands for land among different sectors of the economy – food production, export crops, wildlife conservation, housing and public amenities, roads, industry. National development plans and budget must be taken into consideration as well as project identification and the allocation of resources for development. Sectoral agencies involved in land use must be coordinated. Legislation on such subjects as land tenure, forest clearance and water rights should be worked out by all means. Regional level includes such siting of new developments as settlements, forest plantations and irrigation schemes. The need for improved infrastructure such as water supply, roads and marketing facilities is one of the main problems of this cycle. The development of management guidelines for improved kinds of land use on each type of land is also necessary. Land use planning is oriented to local conditions in terms of both method and content. Planning approaches often fail because global models and implementation strategies are applied and taken over automatically and uncritically. But land use planning is not a standardized procedure which is uniform in its application world – wide. Its content is based on an initial regional or local situation analysis. Local level provides the layout of drainage, irrigation and soil conservation work as well as the siting of specific crops on suitable lands. 17. Прочитайте текст 2С и раскройте содержание рассматриваемых в нем проблем:  перейти в каталог файлов | Образовательный портал Как узнать результаты егэ Стихи про летний лагерь 3агадки для детей |