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учебное пособие 3 курс градо. Пояснительная записка 8 unit 1 land use planning lesson 1
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Text 2C  Bottom-up and Top-down Planning There are two different planning strategies. Bottom – up land use planning assumes a concept which understands rural development to be a process based on self – help and self – responsibility. The population should actively participate in the process of land use planning. The result of planning and the implementation of measures can only be sustainable if plans are made with and by the people, not behind them or even against them. Planning is therefore not just a matter for experts, but should be carried out together with those affected by it. To ensure a feeling of ownership concerning self – help activities, people who are affected have to be involved in the planning process from the early beginning. Starting at the local level, bottom – up planning means active participation of the land users who will eventually implement the land use plan already at the identification of the land use problem. The other stages of the planning cycle help to identify and prioritize between different options. In some cases, especially in situations involving large areas or large investments it might be more efficient to focus land use planning at higher administrative level. It is called top – down land use planning. It allows getting results of planning which will be integrated with existing planning administration and legislation. The two planning strategies each have their own advantages and disadvantages and care should be taken not to rely upon only one strategy. Sometimes there are such actual planning situations when one should choose the most appropriate strategy to follow and often mix both of them to get the most satisfying result. There are some of the advantages of bottom – up land use planning. They include local targets, management and benefits: people will be more enthusiastic about a plan seen as their own. More popular awareness of land use problems and opportunities are available. Plans can pay close attention to local constraints: natural resources or socio – economic problems. Better information is fed upwards for higher levels of planning. But there are also different disadvantages. Local interests sometimes can conflict with regional or national interests. Difficulties occur in integrating local plans within a wider framework. There is limited technical knowledge at the local level. Technical agencies need to make a big investment in widely scattered places. Local efforts may collapse because of a lack of higher – level support. Lesson 3  THE ESSENCE OF LAND USE PLANNING 1. Прочитайтеследующиеслова: Border, elimination, soil, protection, waste, establishment, researching, connect, pollution, certificate, restoration, boundary, site, substances, conduction, estimation, carry out, researchers. 2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие группы слов: Technical registration, wind erosion, waste products, tilled soils, radioactive substances, projects for reclaiming the soils, country boundaries, elimination of inconveniences, arrangement of land, irrationally used, publicly discussed, interfarm land use planning, number of interconnected elements, land property. 3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания: adjacent (adj.) – примыкающий, смежный adjoin (v.) – примыкать, граничить, соединять allocation (n.) – распределение, размещение arrangement (n.) – приведение в порядок, устройство, организация bogging (n.) – заболачивание border (v.) – граничить boundary (n.) – граница cartographical researches – картографические исследования citizen (n.) – горожанин citizenship (n.) – гражданство complex (adj.) – сложный (n.) – комплекс crop (n.) – с/х культура, урожай customer (n.) – заказчик, покупатель delimination (n.) – разграничение designation (n.) – назначение district (n.) – район, округ drawing (n.) – проект equal rights – равные права flooding (n.) – наводнение irrespective (adj.) – независимый land relations – земельные отношения landslide (n.) – оползень, обвал law (n.) – закон mudflow (n.) – грязевой поток participate (v.) – участвовать participation (n) – участие preparation (n.) – подготовка preservation (n.) – сохранение, предохранение proprietor (n.) – собственник, владелец radioactive and chemical substances – радиоактивные и химические вещества reclaimed lands – восстановленные земли researcher (n.) – исследователь revealing unused areas – выявление неиспользованных площадей rules of thumb – правила подчинения science (n.) – наука substantiation (n.) – доказательство, обоснование survey (n.) – съёмка, исследование, изыскание; (v.) – проводить съёмку, исследовать 4. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст: Text 3A  Land Use Planning Activity The basic directions of land use planning in Russia include:
Land use planning activity is carried out in all areas irrespective of their special – purpose designation and forms of ownership according to scientifically proved, publicly discussed and in accordance with established order authorized by land use planning documentation (including forecasts, programs, schemes and projects, materials of inspections and researches). 5. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов: Activity, regulation, particular, work, special, order, define, arrangement, organizing, determine. 6. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов: Misunderstanding, natural, irregular, legal, understanding, unnatural, regular, respective, illegal, irrespective. 7. Переведите следующие сочетания слов с русского на английский язык: Защита почвы от эрозии; установление границ; материалы проверок и исследований; целевое назначение; улучшение с/х земель; этнические группы; публично обсужденные проблемы; опись (инвентаризация) земли; основные средства; земельные площади; в соответствии с; равные права; компьютерная наука; детальные топографические исследования. 8. Переведите следующие предложения с русского на английский язык: 1. В России существуют основные направления землеустроительных работ. 2. Разработка землеустроительных документов связана с оценкой земли. 3. Этнические группы используют и сохраняют свою землю. 4. Землеустройство это правильная организация земельных ресурсов. 5. Компьютеры широко используются в землеустройстве. 6. Землеустроители решают топографические и картографические вопросы каждый день. 7. Законодательные и правовые акты определяют правильное использование земель. 8. Пользователи земли и собственники участвуют в землеустроительной работе. 9. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова: Arrangement, proprietor, management, worker, specialist, user, government, legislation, administration, citizenship, designation. 10. Образуйте имена существительные от следующих глаголов: Depend, improve, operate, direct, measure, consider, compose, arrange, participate, manage. 11. Заполнитепропуски, используяследующиеслова: estimation, used, administrative, conducts, responsible. 1. Land use planning is financed by ... bodies. 2. A land use planner ... topographical and geodetic works. 3. Maps and atlases are ... by specialists. 4. A land use planner is ... for revealing unused lands. 5. ... of resources is the main task of a land use planner. 12. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам: 1. Bodies of the government are the customers of land use planning work. 2. The state guarantees equal rights and protection for citizens. 3. Maintenance of steady landscapes is obligatory for all proprietors. 4. Local land use planning allows receiving operation designs. 5. A land use planner estimates development of a site. 13. Образуйте 3 формы от следующих глаголов: To be, to have, to go, to begin, to increase, to direct, to provide, to change, to own, to till, to depend, to define, to arrange. 14. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. How many kinds of land use planning do you know? 2. What are they? 3. What is the purpose of land use planning? 4. Are there the basic directions of land use planning activity? 5. Land use planning activity is carried out in all areas, is not it? 6. What tasks does local land use planning solve? 7. What laws does land use planning study? 8. Who can participate in land use planning work? 15. Перескажитетекст 3A. 16. Прочитайте, переведите текст 3В и сформулируйте основную мысль каждого абзаца: Text 3В  Two Types of Land Use Planning Land use planning is based on understanding of land as the main means of production, the object of social and economic communications and as a part of a natural complex. It can be considered in 2 ways: as a science and as a system of special activities (land use planning). Land use planning as the science studies laws of functioning and the organization of land use as an object of using nature, as general means and industrial basis of manufacture, as an object of land – legal and nature protection relations. Land use planning as a system of activities can be defined as a complex of state and individual actions for realization of the land legislation, regulation of land relations, creation of social and economic, territorial and organizational – economic conditions for economically and ecologically utilizing the land areas and other objects of the real estate according to the common economic mechanism. The purpose of land use planning is arrangement and exploitation of land resources of the regions, separate landed properties and land uses. Therefore it is based on theoretical and methodological positions of adjacent fields of knowledge, such, as land law, land cadastre, land relations, agriculture, land improvement, ecology, computer science, etc. Two basic kinds of land use planning are known: local and interfarm, each of which solves their own tasks (except for topographical, cartographical and other researches and tests) by specific ways. Local land use planning is one of the definite sites. It differs from interfarm land use planning. Local land use planning allows receiving operation designs with estimates of site development on the basis of detailed topographical, geo – botanical and other researches. Local land use planning purpose is to increase efficiency of farming sites as well as their arrangement and protection. It introduces resource – conservation technologies of crops cultivation, establishes obligatory soil protective actions. The object of interfarm land use planning is land using or land property as a whole. For each kind of land use planning there is a certain set of the components. They include the decisions which are made out as concrete projects. These components may consist of a number of interconnected elements. 17. Прочитайте текст 3С и раскройте содержание рассматриваемых в нем проблем: Text 3C  Documentation of Land Use Planning Land use planning is carried out according to decisions of government bodies, local self – management; administrative areas and cities; under the petition of the interested proprietors and land users as well as citizens and legal persons applying for reception of a land site. The use of lands strictly to their assignment, the organization of territory of landed properties and land uses, measures for maintenance of steady landscapes and protection of lands are obligatory for all proprietors and land users as well as for bodies of government. Land use planning is carried out and financed with participation of the parties concerned or their authorized representatives. In land use planning may participate:
The customers of land use planning work may be the government bodies, institutions of local government, citizens, state and public enterprises, organizations, establishments and other legal persons. According to the Russian Federation legislation the state guarantees to all participants of land use planning activity irrespective of ownership forms on land and citizenship maintenance of equal rights and interests protected by the law, and the right of the appeal in juridical order of any illegal actions. Lesson 4  CENTRAL IDEA OF LAND USE PLANNING 1. Прочитайтеследующиеслова: Integrated, dialogue, initiating, conceivable, iterative, appropriate, impose, groundwater, support, pollution, traffic, addition, society, superfluous, view, expense, core, designed 2. Прочтите и переведите следующие группы слов: Exact role, environmental context, lack of planning, the consequences of land use activities, new findings, implementation and monitoring, forming a consensus, cooperation relations, long-term sustainability, local knowledge, living conditions, kind of benefits, existing environmental damage, direct and indirect land users. 3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания: aim (n.) – цель; (v.) – нацеливать, стремиться amongst (prep.) – среди, между attain (v.) – достигнуть, добиться authorities (n.) – власти compatible (adj.) – конкурентно-способный compulsory (adj.) – обязательный concealed lack of planning – скрытые недостатки планирования conciliation (n.) – примирение, умиротворение constellation (n.) – совокупность constraint (n.) – противаречивость, ринужденность, скованность, напряженность density (n.) – плотность disregard (v.) – игнорировать draw up (v.) – составлять erosion control – борьба с эрозией exact (adj.) – точный flexible (adj.) – гибкий forestry (n.) – лесничество, лесоводство groundwater (n.) – грунтовая вода guidance (n.) – руководство in addition (adv.) – вдобавок, в дополнение iterative process – повторяющийся, многократный процесс justify (v.) – оправдывать magnitude (n.) – величина moisture (n.) – влажность negotiation (n.) – переговоры, обсуждение условий nutrients (n.) – питательные вещества perceive (v.) – воспринимать plot of land – участок земли population (n.) – население relatively (adv.) – относительно require (v.) – требовать requirement (n.) – требование sense (n.) – смысл, значение service (n.) – услуга, обслуживание settling conflicts – урегулирование конфликта simultaneously (adv.) – одновременно stakeholders – акционеры steps already taken – уже предпринятые шаги suitability (n.) – пригодность, приемлемость superfluous (adj.) – излишний term (n.) – термин, срок, условие tolerance (n.) – сопротивляемость, устойчивость tool (n.) – инструмент unsuitable (adj.) – непригодный use-restricted area – территория с ограничениями в использовании viable (adj.) – жизненный yield (n.) – урожай; (v.) – производить, давать 4. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст:  перейти в каталог файлов | Образовательный портал Как узнать результаты егэ Стихи про летний лагерь 3агадки для детей |