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учебное пособие 3 курс градо. Пояснительная записка 8 unit 1 land use planning lesson 1
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Text 10B  The Concept "Plant of the Real Estate" The legislatively established definition of the real estate has common character and does not contain rules and features which can help to distinguish certain plants of the real estate in the real property in general. That is the reason that now it is impossible to isolate such plants of the real estate, as forest and long – term green plants. Obviously therefore the operating real estate market is restricted to plants of the real estate, isolation of which is possible on the basis of a usual business turnover. To such plants of the real estate refer: land lots, buildings (primary plants оf the real estate), and apartments, residential and uninhabited premises (secondary plants of the real estate). This situation is indirectly legislated by the law "On state registration of the rights on real property and transactions with it." The practical significance for the operating real estate market of such plants of the real estate, as land lots, buildings and premises (flats), and legislative determinacy of rules of state registration of the rights on them allows to make a conclusion that problems of regulating the relations between the owners of these types of plants of the real estate should be first of all solved. That's why there is a necessity of rules installation, on the basis of which land lots, buildings and premises (flats) can be isolated as the plants of civil rights. The law establishes that the rights on the real things belong to state registration. Thus plants of the real estate have the dual nature: on the one hand they are legal objects, and on the other they are the physical plants, strongly linked to land. To define concept "plant of the real estate", it is necessary to define, whether any land lot or plant, strongly linked to land, should be considered as plant of the real estate. In all these cases a possibility of plant selection of the real estate depends on its assigning. As the land is a substance of the real estate, property legal relations linked to the real estate, are defined first of all by forms of the land – ownership. It is not by chance that the problem of the right of land – ownership during the twentieth century was and for the present remains in our country an object of bitter confrontation of different political forces in desire to influence on social and economic system of future Russia. In the foreign practice the list of authorities concerning land includes 8 elements:
Abovementioned and other elements describing concept of land-ownership, in combination with the rights of possession, use, and disposal suppose existence of about 1500 variants of the property rights. There-fore, according to world practice the concept of the landownership should be considered as a complex of the land and property rights regulating particular conditions of land use. 17. Прочитайте текст 10С и раскройте содержание рассматриваемых в нем проблем: Text 10C  Land Property Relations At any social and economic formation the society remains the principal owner of a territorial – land resource delegating to particular land users separate functions and open for modification rights on usage of the land property. Therefore all system of the land-property relations has mainly limitation character restraining the rights of separate owners in a favor to public interests. The land property relations are a part of a special social and economic category not only because of specificity of land as a unique plant of universal multiple-objective interests, but also by virtue of a duality of state of the land fund participating in public reproduction as the natural factor and goods at the same time. Accordingly the set of public interests concerning land can be divided into 2 groups: 1) interests concerning efficient assimilation of natural properties of a land resource (technological aspect); 2) interests concerning money – goods parameters of the landownership (social and economic aspect). Allocating resources the first group of public interests is guided by parameters of functional – economic structure of land fund: scales, proportions and priorities of its allocation depending on a degree of economic assimilation; aspects and categories of lands; types of their target usage; intensity of maintenance and productivity of lands, their geological and ecological state. The public and individual interests of this group will usually be synchronized with maintaining of the most efficient functional – economic structure of the territorial land fund, and the originating contraventions have non-antagonistic character. As a rule they are solved on the basis of market self – regulation. The second group of public interests is directed to social and economic structures of the landownership depending on composition, combination and proportions of its particular forms. Here we talk about proportions of the landownership of the state, local authorities, different types of enterprise structures, different groups of the population, foreign land tenants. Thus interests of the society are oriented on optimal, from the point of view, usage of land resources, and interests of the owners by giving to them the acquired property rights on land irrespective of effectiveness of its maintenance. As a result of contravention between interests of different levels and groups of the population sometimes there are serious conflicts. Lesson 11  IMPORTANCE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 1. Прочтитеследующиеслова: Disturbed, ugliness, wildlife, beyond, purifying, widespread, endangering, associated, mean, significantly, jointly, wealthiest, emission, ozone, controversy, gully, splash, nuisance. 2. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и словосочетания: Widespread cries, gully erosion, chemicals and fertilizers, industry waters, great publicity, trust and support, ugliness of billboards and trash, strict pollution control, considerable improvement, wildlife reservation, beyond the concern of a single country, sheet and rill erosion, raindrop splash, the burning of fuels. 3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания: abrasion (n.) – смыв материка морской водой, снашивание, истирание acid rains – кислотные дожди aggregate (n.) – совокупность animal husbandry – животноводство beyond (prep.) – за пределами billboard (n.) – доска для объявлений blame (v.) – порицать, считать виновным burn (v.) – сжигать combat (v.) – бороться consequences (n.) – последствия controversy (n.) – спор, дискуссия, обсуждение cropping (n.) – земледелие crust (n.) – земная кора, поверхностные отложения curtail (v.) – урезать death (n.) – смерть deforestation (n.) – вырубка леса depletion (n.) – истощение, исчерпывание deposition (n.) – отложение, осадок, накипь disperse (v.) – рассеивать, разбрасывать disturb (v.) – нарушать ditch (n.) – яма, канава, траншея emission (n.) – выделение (тепла, света, запаха) encrustation (n.) – покрытие коркой endanger (v.) – подвергать опасности expose (v.) – подвергаться fine (adj.) – мелкий fragile (adj.) – слабый, недолговечный fully banks – переполненные берега great publicity – большая огласка greenhouse (n.) – теплица, парник greenhouse gases – парниковый эффект, парниковые газы gully erosion – овражная эрозия harm (v.) – повреждать high velocity wind – сильный ветер human induced soil degradation – деградация почвы, спровоцированная человеком install (v.) – устанавливать knoll (n.) – холм, бугор leaching (n.) – выщелачивание natural resources – полезные ископаемые, природные ресурсы nuisance (n.) – помеха oil waters – воды, загрязненные нефтью ozone layer – озоновый слой over – pumping – чрезмерное выкачивание pipeline (n.) – трубопровод pond (n.) – пруд purify (v.) – очистить raindrop splash – дождевой поток residues (n.) – остатки resistance (n.) – сопротивление ripple (n.) – рябь, волнистость seepage (n.) – просачивание, стекание sheet and rill erosion – линейная и ручейковая эрозия sloughing (n.) – заболачивание slumping (n.) – оползание грунта spaceship (n.) – космический корабль steep slope – крутой склон stress (v.) – подчеркивать suffer (v.) – страдать support (n.) – поддержка tin cans – консервные банки threaten (v.) – угрожать trampling (n.) – вытаптывание trash (n.) – мусор trigger (v.) – приводить в движение trust (n.) – доверие 4. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст: Text 11A  Environmental Protection Scientific and technological progress of the twenty-first century resulted in widespread mechanization, automated lines computerized management, spaceships, atomic power stations, pipelines, new roads and highways. But it cannot be denied that the price for rapid industrial development is very high: natural resources are exhausted, the ecological balance of the planet is disturbed; some species of flora and fauna disappear; city and industry waters, chemicals and fertilizers are endangering lakes, rivers and ponds. Big cities have a problem with air pollution: the "Killer Smog" caused some 3500 – 4000 deaths in London in December 1952. Progress can be blamed for all these environmental problems. In recent years the pollution problems have received great publicity. The Environmental movement associated with no political party has gained widespread trust and support. Environmental activities stress that the problem is caused by industrial pollution and the automobile. Long – established environmental groups warn that acid rains threaten many forests. The media's begun to campaign against the ugliness of billboards, tin cans and trash. Many people started to realize that to keep air and water clean, strict pollution control is necessary. The protection of natural resources and wildlife is becoming a political program in every country. Numerous antipollution acts passed in different countries led to considerable improvements in environment. In many countries purifying systems for treatment of industrial waters have been installed, measures have been taken to protect rivers and seas from oil waters. Wildlife reservation models of undisturbed nature are being developed in some parts of the world. But the environmental problems have grown beyond the concern of a single country. Their solution requires the cooperation of all nations. 5. Найдитесинонимысредиследующихслов: Protect, trash, litter, defense, impoverish, exhaust, controversy, discussion, combat, fight, tillage, treatment. 6. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов: Adoption, reduce, unbalanced, steep, management, unnoticed, mismanagement, non-adoption, gentle, balanced, reversible, increase, disturbed, noticed, irreversible, disappear, undisturbed, decomposition, appear, composition. 7. Переведите следующие сочетания слов с русского языка на английский: Овражная эрозия; научный и технический прогресс; проблемы загрязнения; широко распространенное доверие и поддержка; экологический баланс; подвергать опасности; кислотные дожди; заповедник дикой природы; сотрудничество всех государств; быстрое промышленное развитие; обработка промышленных вод; консервные банки; компания против уродства досок для объявлений; очистительные системы. 8. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на английский: 1. Проблемы загрязнения получили большую огласку. 2. Существуют разные виды эрозии. 3. Эрозия почвы увеличивается, если нет растительного покрова. 4. Меры консервации могут уменьшить опасность эрозии почвы как водной, так и ветровой. 5. Правильные методы обработки и земледелия могут решить проблемы эрозии почвы на фермах. 6. Почвенная эрозия – это естественный процесс. 7. Ветровая эрозия зависит от разных факторов. 8. Овражная эрозия наиболее драматическая демонстрация эрозии. 9. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова: Unnoticed, detachment, emission, improvement, industrial, disturbed, pollution, reservation, deforestation, depletion, environmental, twentieth, disappear, different, installation, requirement, considerable. 10. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова: 1. Many, in, purifying, been, have, installed, countries, systems. 2. Price, industrial, rapid, high, development, the, for, is, very. 3. Received, have, recently, the, great, pollution, publicity, problems. 4. Ecological, of, planet, the, disturbed, is, balance, the. 5. Been, to, measures, from, protect, have, and, rivers, sees, waters, taken, oil. 6. The, requires, nations, the, all, cooperation, solution, of. 7. Different, in, antipollution, countries, acts, passed. 11. Образуйте причастия настоящего и прошедшего времени от данных глаголов: To lead, to take, to grow, to exhaust, to mean, to protect, to lose, to occur, to cover, to have, to consider. 12. Поставьте к каждому предложению по пять вопросов: 1. Numerous antipollution acts passed in different countries. 2. The environmental problems are caused by industrial pollution. 3. Purifying systems have been installed for treatment of industrial waters. 4. The solution requires the cooperation of all nations. 5. In recent years the pollution problems have received great publicity. 6. Measures have been taken to protect rivers and sees from oil water. 13. Преобразуйте предложения, изменив форму глаголов-сказуемых из действительного залога в страдательный: 1. Specialists have just installed purifying systems for treatment of industrial waters. 2. Recently workers have taken necessary measures to protect rivers and seas from oil waters. 3. Acid rains threaten many forests. 4. In some parts of the world people are developing wildlife reservation models of undisturbed nature now. 5. The solution of the environmental problems requires the cooperation of all nations. 14.Ответьтенаследующиевопросы: 1. What are advantages of industrial development? 2. What are disadvantages of industrial development? 3. What do Environmental activists do? 4. What has been done to improve the environment in many countries? 5. Why do the environmental problems require the cooperation of all nations? 15. Перескажите текст 11А. 16. Прочитайте, переведите текст 11В и сформулируйте основную мысль каждого абзаца: Text 11B  Ecological Problems Global concentration of atmospheric pollution seriously threatens the ozone layer. It means the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases and increased ozone depletion. This threatens to lead to dramatic climatic changes or global warming. To reduce these threats, the scientists of the various countries of the world say that global emissions must be curtailed. A number of gases contribute significantly to the stock of greenhouse gases. The burning fuels by automobiles and industries are main sources of greenhouse gases. Less damaging sources include deforestation, animal husbandry, wet rice cultivation, decomposition of waste, and coal mining. Because incomes and consumption are higher in the wealthiest countries, per capita emissions are much higher. For example, the level of per capita emissions in the United States is more than twice bigger than that in Europe, 19 times higher than that in Africa, and 25 times higher than that in India. A study jointly sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Program shows that global warming is growing. It says that if current emission trends continue, the mean global temperatures may rise 3 C by the end of the twenty – first century. The potentially catastrophic consequences of climate changes have caused widespread cries for joint preventive policy to combat environmental pollution, concentration of greenhouse gases and ozone depletion. Statesmen and scientists stress that responsibility for reducing emissions must be divided across the members of the international community. The share of responsibility may be remarkably different depending on industrial development, income, social structure and political orientation of a country. There is great controversy over the extent to which each government must control the emissions produced by its local population, industry and agriculture. 17. Прочитайте и переведите текст 11С и раскройте содержание рассматриваемых в нем проблем:  перейти в каталог файлов | Образовательный портал Как узнать результаты егэ Стихи про летний лагерь 3агадки для детей |